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Biography - Ellen Sanders Kimball

... ... ... was a Latter Day Saint pioneer.
Nauvoo Temple
... became a member of the LDS Church between 1830 - 1848.
Flag of Norway
... ... ... migrated from Norway to the USA.
Flag of the USA

Ellen Sanders Kimball has an amazing life story. At the age of eleven. little Aagaat Ysteinsdatter, who would later be called Ellen Saunders, and her family immigrated with the Rue Party from Tinn, Telemark, Norway to America. They arrived in New York Harbor 15 Aug 1837, aboard the Ship Niord

Bakkajord, Tinn, Telemarken

Osten Sondreson, Ellen's father, was born 8 Nov 1789 on Bakka farm in Tinn, Telemark, Norway. He was the fifth child of Sondre Gjermundson and Margit Oysteinson. As was the custom in Norway, he was known by the surname of Sondreson. Upon arrival in the United States, the entire family took the surname of Saunders as an anglicized version of their Norwegian name. [1]

America was an unknown and almost exotic place to these immigrants. Later, they would write letters back to tell of their discoveries which would encourage others to immigrate. These letters also portray some of their myths:

Letter from Ole Rynning

"It is a general belief among the common people in Norway that America was well populated some years ago, and that a plague -- almost like the black death -- has left the country desolate of people. As a result, they are of the opinion that those who emigrate to America will find cultivated farms, houses, clothes, and furniture ready for them, everything in the condition in which it was left by the former owners. This is a false supposition." [2]

Even though these families were not poor, America represented the promise of a brighter future. Here is an account of the Rue Party leaving for America:

1837, First to leave for America from Tinn, the Rue party. At Sandven at the shores of Lake Tinnsjø a crowd gathered on May 17. Fifty-nine from Tinn and Hovin were leaving. The minister and sheriff (lensmann H. A. Bernaas) made speeches. The emigrants wore old costumes, had trunks and supplies with them, and rowed down the river as family, left behind, waved. In the south end of Tinnsjø. The emigrants had to walk through Gransherad and Heddal down to Lake Heddalsvatn, then by boats along Lake Heddalsvatn and thereafter Lake Norsjø where they almost reached Skien. The last distance was made by foot. Five days after departure from Tinn, the group embarked, went onboard the sailing vessel “Paketten” in Skien (May 22) with Ole Halvorsen as Captain. [3]The ship arrived at Gøteborg/Gothenburg, Sweden a few days later. The emigrants changed ships and left for New York aboard the “Niord” about May 31. The ship arrived August 15 in New York after 10 weeks. From New York it was to Chicago (in early September) and the Fox River Settlement south-west of the City in Illinois. Most of them settled there, including Snowshoe Thompson. What happened on the shore of Sandven really was the beginning of a wave. The event was a sensation. Newspapers and magazines made articles. [4][5]
Aagot listed on the shipslist:
Line 28. Aagoth Østensdatter Bakka 11 f Steerage

Once they arrived in New York as part of this historic party, they were destined to become part of another historic event known as the Beaver Creek Tragedy: [6]

They traveled by canal boat and other means to Chicago. There they met other Norwegian immigrants and rather than proceed to the Fox River Settlements in LaSalle County, where the Norwegian settlements were located, they opted to go with a number of other families and settle on some land which they called Beaver Creek. This was located about seventy-five miles south of Chicago on the Illinois and Indiana border. It was in Iroquois County near the present town of Watseka, Illinois.
During the first winter of 1837/38, Osten, Aase, and at least one child died in the Beaver Creek Settlement. The malaria epidemic was the cause of most of the deaths of Beaver Creek Settlement. Because of the epidemic the settlement was abandoned early in 1838.
The Sondreson surviving orphans were farmed out to various families...Three of the orphans, Ellen, Harriet, and Sondra, eventually joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints....Ellen and Harriet both married Apostle Heber C. Kimball in January of 1846. He had 43 wives. [7]

Ellen's marriage occurred right before the Trek of 1846 when the Mormons started for Salt Lake, Utah. Yet Heber chose Ellen to accompany him in the first pioneer company which arrived in the Great Salt Lake Valley in July of 1847. She was one of the three women in the first company:

...148 people, three of whom were women, 72 wagons, and a large collection of livestock made up this first group. [8]

Ellen's ability to survive and help others must have been evident after all of her experiences and yet she was only 23 years old. Ellen's image has been placed on the "This Is The Place Monument" in Emigration Canyon east of Salt Lake City. [9]

LDS Early Church Ordinance: Baptism in 1842 in LaSalle County, Illinois, United States (Reference: LDS Biographical Encyclopedia. Jenson, Andrew. 1951, Volume: 2 Page: 772 & Volume: 4 Page: 711)

Sources

  1. ↑ The First Chapter of Norwegian immigration (1821-1840): its causes and results by Anderson, Rasmus Björn, 1846-1936, Published 1906, Topics Norwegian Americans - History, Norway
  2. ↑ gilderlehrman.org Excerpts: Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History.
  3. ↑ NAHA Norwegian-American Studies, Vol. 29, p. 53.
  4. ↑ NAHA Emigration from the Community of Tinn, 1837-1907: Demographic, Economic, and Social Background by Andres A. Svalestuen translated by C. A. Clausen (Volume 29: Page 43).
  5. ↑ Spring Government Heritage Center Norway to America Historical Timeline.
  6. ↑ Norwegian Immigrants Die at Beaver Creek.
  7. ↑ Saunders website The Beaver Creek Tragedy: the missing orphans of Osten & Aase Sondreson by C. Robert Saunders
  8. ↑ NPS.gov Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail: The 1847 Trek
  9. ↑ Wikipedia This is the Place Monument

See also:

———-

Biography - Mary Webster

Mary Webster

Half Hanged Mary

Biography

... ... ... was accused of witchcraft in New England

Witch Trial The Witch of Hadley. "Half Hanged Mary" was believed to be the cause of Philip Smith's death.[10] [11]

Mary Reeve was born about 1617 in England, the daughter of Thomas Reeves and Hannah Rowe Reeves of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. They immigrated to America in 1638[12] and settled in Springfield, Massachusetts. [13] She married William Webster on February 17, 1670 in Hadley, Hampshire County, Massachusetts. William was considerably older than Mary when they married.[14]

William left his father's church and moved away from his home to Hadley, a Puritan village. Being the second son, he didn't inherit after his father's death. He and Mary were poor and often had to accept charity from the townspeople. The legend says that this made Mary an unhappy person and she began to be unpleasant to her benefactors. Looking for an explanation for such an unusual response to charity, the townspeople fell upon the idea that she was possessed by evil - that in fact she was a witch! Having formed this hypothesis, they began to search for evidence of the fact. As is typical of small town gossip, evidence for that which had already been reported soon appeared! [15]

One person reported that when he was driving his cattle, they refused to go by Mary's house, until someone distracted her letting them out of her spell long enough to pass by. Other evidence was soon reported. A load of overturned hay righted itself and was stacked once again on the wagon without human intervention. One neighbor reported that Mary caused her baby to lift out of her cradle into the air and back down several times! Mary appeared to be a danger to crops, livestock and the town's children! [16]

Then the most damning evidence of all was reported. Mary was visiting a neighbor when a chicken fell down the chimney and was scalded in a pot of water over the fire. The neighbor noticed that Mary had also been scalded! [17]

Examination of a witch These reports were offered into evidence when Mary was brought before the county court in Northampton, just west of Hadley, on 27 March 1683. Finding enough information to hold her, the authorities sent Mary to Boston for a formal grand jury hearing. The grand jury found the evidence sufficient to bind Mary over for trial on May 22, 1683.

The charges brought against her was as follows:

Mary, wife of William Webster of Hadley, being under strong suspicion of having familiarity with the devil, or using witchcraft, [had] many testimonies brought in against her, or that did seem to centre upon her, relating to such a thing.[18]

Mary Webster ... was now called and brought to the bar, and was indicted . . . to which indictment she pleaded not guilty, making no exception against any of the jury, leaving herself to be tried by God and the country. The indictment and evidences in the case were read and committed to the jury, and the jury brought in their verdict that they found her -- not guilty.[19]

The villagers, having accused Mary and caused her to be brought to trial, must have been quite distressed when she was found not guilty and sent home to live among them.

The villagers reported that Mary set out to revenge herself upon Deacon Philip Smith, "a man for devotion, sanctity, gravity and all that was honest, exceeding exemplary."[20]

Phillip, according to Cotton Mather, was "murdered with an hideous witchcraft."

"A wretched woman of the town, being dissatisfied at his just care about her, expressed herself unto him in such a manner that he declared himself apprehensive of receiving mischief at her hands." He began to be "very valetudinarious" and, after wonderful manifestations in the sick-room, died, and his body was found "full of holes that seemed to be made with awls,"all of which is related in the Magnalia, with full particulars added. While the sufferer was yet alive, a number of brisk lads dragged the witch out of the house, hung her up until nearly dead, and then buried her in the snow, but, according to the record, "It happened that she survived and the melancholy man died." [21][22]

Mary Webster lived eleven years after her hanging, and died a natural death, proof to many minds that she really was a witch. Mary died June 3, 1698 in Hadley, Hampshire County, Massachusetts. She is buried in Old Hadley Cemetery, Hadley, Hampshire County, Massachusetts.[23]

Find A Grave: Memorial #70743503

Sources

  1. ↑ The First Chapter of Norwegian immigration (1821-1840): its causes and results by Anderson, Rasmus Björn, 1846-1936, Published 1906, Topics Norwegian Americans - History, Norway
  2. ↑ gilderlehrman.org Excerpts: Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History.
  3. ↑ NAHA Norwegian-American Studies, Vol. 29, p. 53.
  4. ↑ NAHA Emigration from the Community of Tinn, 1837-1907: Demographic, Economic, and Social Background by Andres A. Svalestuen translated by C. A. Clausen (Volume 29: Page 43).
  5. ↑ Spring Government Heritage Center Norway to America Historical Timeline.
  6. ↑ Norwegian Immigrants Die at Beaver Creek.
  7. ↑ Saunders website The Beaver Creek Tragedy: the missing orphans of Osten & Aase Sondreson by C. Robert Saunders
  8. ↑ NPS.gov Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail: The 1847 Trek
  9. ↑ Wikipedia This is the Place Monument
  10. ↑ "Half-Hanged Mary" is the title of a poem by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Atwood believed Mary was her ancestor and dedicated her novel The Handmaid's Tale to her. See also the first few paragraphs of Margaret Atwood, The Prophet of Dystopia.
  11. ↑ MEMORABLE PROVIDENCES, Relating to WITCHCRAFTS And POSSESSIONS Pdf Author; Cotton Mather, Minister of the Gospel. Printed at Boston in N. England by R. P. 1689. Sold by Ioseph Brunning, at his Shop at the Corner of the Prison-Lane next the Exchange. Death of Phillip Smith.
  12. ↑ Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620-1650 Authors; Banks, Charles Edward, 1854-1931 and Brownell, Elijah Ellsworth, 1872. Publisher; The Bertram press, Philadelphia, Pa 1937. Thomas Reeves per Bevis 1638. Page 180.
  13. ↑ The first century of the history of Springfield Author: Springfield (Mass.); Burt, Henry M. (Henry Martyn), 1831-1899, ed; Pynchon, William, 1590-1662.Publisher: Springfield, Mass., H.M. Burt 1898. Page 631.
  14. ↑ Massachusetts, Marriages, 1695-1910 FamilySearch index, Wm. Webster and Mary Rivers, 17 Feb 1670; citing Hatfield, Hadley, Massachusetts, reference; p 74; FHL microfilm 186152.
  15. ↑ Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England: A Documentary History 1638 edited by David D. Hall pg.260-264
  16. ↑ History of Hadley Author: Judd, Sylvester, 1789-1860; Boltwood, Lucius M. (Lucius Manlius), 1825-1905. Publisher: Springfield, Mass. : H.R. Huntting & Company 1905. Pages 288 to 231.
  17. ↑ Judd, S. 1905. History of Hadley. H. R. Hunting, Springfield. per source 6
  18. ↑ Annals of witchcraft in New England : and elsewhere in the United States, from their first settlement. Drawn up from unpublished and other well authenticated records of the alleged operations of witches and their instigator, the devil Author: Drake, Samuel Gardner, 1798-1875; Making of America Project. Publisher: Boston, W. E. Woodward 1869. pages 168 to 180. Warning Page 170 contains course profanity.
  19. ↑ Records of the Court of assistants of the colony of the Massachusetts bay, 1630-1692 Vol 2 Authors: Massachusetts. Court of Assistants; Noble, John, 1829-1909, ed; Cronin, John F., 1872- ed. Publisher: Boston, Pub. by the county of Suffolk 1901. Pages 229 & 230.
  20. ↑ Judd, S. 1905. History of Hadley. H. R. Hunting, Springfield
  21. ↑ The history of the province of Massachusets-Bay Author: Hutchinson, Thomas, 1711-1780. Publisher: Boston ; New-England : Printed by Thomas & John Fleet at the Heart and crown in Cornhill 1828. Page 18.
  22. ↑ The Magnalia Christi Americana (Book VI, Chapter VII - 1702) Mather, Cotten. Reprinted 1967 by Russell & Russell, New York.
  23. ↑ Find A Grave Memorial.
See Also:

——

US Black Heritage Project
... ... ... is a part of US Black history.
Join: US Black Heritage Project
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Biography - Mary Fields

... ... ... was involved in the "Wild, Wild West," part of the westward expansion of the United States. Join the Wild Wild West Project.
Notables Project
... ... ... is Notable.
This profile won Profile of the Week the Third week of July 2014.


Mary Fields, also known as Stagecoach Mary, was the first African-American woman employed as a mail carrier in the United States.[24]

Mary was born enslaved in Hickman County, Tennessee around 1832. She and her mother, Susannah were owned by Judge Dunne, a plantation owner. Susanna was his favorite cook. She also worked as personal servant to Mrs. Dunne. Mrs. Dunne allowed Mary to play with her own daughter, Dolly who would be called Sister Amadeus when she grew up and became a nun. Mary learned to read and write from Dolly. Mary's mother wanted her to have a last name. Since her husband, Buck, worked in the fields, her mother gave her the name Mary Fields. [25]

When the Civil War broke out, the Dunnes left and the slaves had to fend for themselves. This is where Mary learned the hardscrabble life that she preferred in adulthood.

Fields was freed when American slavery was outlawed in 1865. Mary left for Mississppi to work as a chambermaid on the steamboat Robert E. Lee. She then worked in the home of Judge Edmund Dunne nursing his sick wife, Mary was soon escorting his five motherless children to their aunt, Mother Mary Amadeus, formerly known as Dolly and the Mother Superior of an Ursuline Convent in Toledo, Ohio.[26]

Mother Amadeus was sent to Montana Territory to establish a school for Native American girls at St. Peter's Mission. Mary wanted to go along but everyone felt the life would be too rugged and made her stay behind. Nothing could stop her from going when her childhood friend became ill. Mary hurried to Montana to nurse her. Mother Amadeus recovered and Mary stayed at St. Peter's hauling freight, doing laundry, growing vegetables, tending chickens, repairing buildings and eventually serving as foreman. [27]

Image:Fields-1621-3.jpg

1884 Cascade, Montana

The Native Americans called Fields "White Crow" because "she acts like a white woman but has black skin." Local whites did not know what to make of her. One schoolgirl wrote an essay saying: "She drinks whiskey, and she swears, and she is a republican, which makes her a low, foul creature."[28]

image:Fields-1621-4.jpg

Mary smoked home made cigars, drank and carried a revolver holstered at her apron. She swore and got into fist fights. She had a standing bet at the saloon that she could knock out any comers with her fist. Mary also argued with farm hands and on one occasion punctuated her disagreement with a rancher by denting his forehead with a rock. She neglected her indoor chores, preferring to be outside with the ranch hands. The sisters tried to rehabilitate Mary through Catholicism. They also tried to cover for her by doing her chores. On one occasion this backfired when they tried to burn trash Mary left in her room. The trash had some scattered cartridges that went off and wounded one nun in the eye. [29]

In 1884 the Bishop kicked Mary out of the convent for bad behavior. Mary went all the way to the Capitol and demanded to be allowed to dispute these charges but the Bishop wouldn't discuss it so her plea was ignored.[30]

Image:Fields-1621-8.jpg

Mary in Front of her Restaurant

Mother Amadeus helped Mary open a restaurant in nearby Cascade. Fields would serve food to anyone, whether they could pay or not, and the restaurant quickly went broke. [31]

Mary Fields adopted the Cascade baseball team as her own. For each game she prepared buttonhole bouquets of flowers for each player from her own garden, with larger bouquets reserved for home-run hitters.

Image:Fields-1621-5.jpg

Mary and the Cascades
Any man speaking ill of the local team in her presence could expect a bouquet of knuckles in his face.[32]
Stagecoach Mary Earns her Name

In 1895 at the age of 60, Fields was hired as a mail carrier because she "was the fastest applicant to hitch a team of six horses." This made her the first African-American woman to work as a mail carrier.[33] Mary worked as a Star Route Carrier.[34]Star Route Carriers were contracted to deliver mail in difficult to reach places. more about star routes

Image:Fields-1621-9.jpgMary and her mule, Moses never failed to deliver the mail. Mary's reliability earned her the nickname "Stagecoach Mary." If the snow was too deep for the horses, Mary delivered the mail on snowshoes, carrying the heavy sacks. [35][36]

Mary became so respected in Cascade that her birthday was reportedly celebrated by all the school children twice a year, since she didn't really know on which day she was born. Besides being their mail carrier, Mary had babysat most of the local children at $1.50 a day. The mayor of Cascade even granted Mary an exemption when Montana passed a law forbidding women to enter saloons.

Mary Fields died of liver failure in 1914. [37]“Old Timer Passes Away,” [38]When she realized she was going to die, not wishing to be a burden she wrapped herself in a blanket and went out to die in some weeds. Some men who she had babysat in their youth discovered her and carried her to a hospital. Mary is buried at Hillside Cemetery, Cascade, Cascade County, Montana, USA.[39]

In 1959, actor Gary Cooper, a Montana native, wrote an article for Ebony in which he said:

"Born a slave somewhere in Tennessee, Mary lived to become one of the freest souls ever to draw a breath, or a .38."[40]


(information below here from the merge needs to be woven into the biography above)

Mary was the first African American woman to carry mail on a Star Route for the United States Post Office Department.

Mary Fields also known as Stagecoach Mary and Black Mary, was the first African-American female star-route mail carrier in the United States. She was not an employee of the United States Post Office Department, which did not hire or employ mail carriers for star routes, but rather awarded star route contracts to persons who proposed the lowest qualified bids, and who, in accordance with the department’s application process, posted bonds and sureties to substantiate their ability to finance the route. Once a contract was awarded, the contractor could then drive the route themselves, sublet the route, or hire an experienced driver. Some individuals obtained multiple star route contracts and conducted the operations as a business. Mary Fields had the star route contract for the delivery of U.S. mail from Cascade, Montana, to Saint Peter's Mission in 1885. She drove the route for two four-year contracts, from 1895 to 1899 and from 1899 to 1903.

Author Miantae Metcalf McConnell provided documentation discovered during her research about Mary Fields to the United States Postal Service Archives Historian in 2006. This enabled the USPS to establish Mary Fields' contribution as the first African-American female star route mail carrier in the United States. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fields

Mary Fields was born in Hickman County, Tennessee in 1832, during the administration of Andrew Jackson. Her father was unknown, but her mother’s name was Susanne Fields. For the first 30 years of her life, she worked as a slave and very little is known about her childhood. She worked for the Warner family in West Virginia in the years leading up to the Civil War. After the Civil War ended, she was emancipated and found work as a chambermaid onboard the Robert E. Lee, a Mississippi River steamboat. There, she encountered Judge Edmund Dunne and ultimately worked in his household as a servant. After Dunne’s wife died, he sent Mary Fields and his late wife’s five children to live with his sister, Mother Mary Amadus in Toledo, Ohio where she was Mother Superior of an Ursuline convent.

The convent hired Mary Fields as a groundskeeper almost immediately after her arrival. They gave her lodgings, food, clothing, and a yearly pay of fifty dollars. In 1884, Mother Amadeus was sent to Montana Territory to establish a school for Native American girls at St. Peter's Mission, west of Cascade, Montana. Upon learning that Mother Amadeus was stricken with pneumonia, Mary Fields hurried to Montana to nurse her back to health. Mother Amadeus recovered, and Mary Fields stayed at St. Peter's. This mission was run by Ursuline nuns. Mary performed maintenance and repair work. She also gardened and did the laundry. One major thing that Mary was also in charge of was the locating and delivery of supplies needed for the mission. Yet Mary had no official contract with the mission and nuns; thus, she was free to come and go as she pleased, taking additional work outside the mission. The Native Americans called Mary Fields "White Crow", because "she acts like a white woman but has black skin". Life in a nunnery was placid, but Mary Fields hearty temperament and habitual profanity made the religious community uncomfortable. In 1894, after several complaints and an incident with a disgruntled male subordinate that involved gunplay, the bishop barred her from the convent and Mary Fields moved to Cascade, Montana where she opened a tavern, but waned due to allowing the cash-poor to dine free. It closed due to bankruptcy about 10 months later. Mary also reportedly set up a laundry shop and did other odd jobs to make money. It is around this time that Mary’s drinking, gun toting, and smoking become well known to the townspeople of Cascade, Montana

In 1895, in her early sixties, Mary obtained a contract by the United States Post Office Department to be a Star Route Carrier. A Star Route Carrier was an independent contractor who used a stagecoach to deliver the mail in the harsh weather of northern Montana. Mary was the first African American woman and the second woman to receive a Star Route contract from the United States Post Office Department. This contract was secured with the help of the Ursuline nuns. The nuns wished to look out for Mary as they felt connected with her. This was because they did not wish to see her go as the nuns heavily relied on Mary for work done around the mission. Mary built a reputation of being fearless while working as a mail carrier. Mary’s job was not only to deliver the mail but to also protect the mail from bandits, thieves, wolves and the weather as well. Mary gained her nickname “Stagecoach Mary” due to her use of a stagecoach as a method of transportation to deliver the mail. Mary was also known for the guns she carried. During the time that Mary was delivering the mail, she was known to carry both a rifle and a revolver, most notably a .38 Smith & Wesson under her apron to protect herself and the mail from wolves, thieves and bandits, driving the route with horses and a mule named Moses. She never missed a day, and her reliability earned her the nickname "Stagecoach Mary" due to her preferred mode of transportation. If the snow were too deep for her horses, Fields delivered the mail on snowshoes, carrying the sacks on her shoulders.

Mary spent eight years delivering the mail as a Star Route Carrier. During this time, Mary became beloved by the locals of Cascade, Montana for her fearlessness and generosity, as well as for her kindness to children. In 1903, at age 71, Mary Fields retired from Star Route Mail carrier service. The townspeople's adoration for Fields was evident when her home was rebuilt by volunteers after it caught fire in 1912. She continued to babysit many Cascade children and owned and operated a laundry service from her home. The town closed its schools to celebrate her birthday each year. When Montana passed a law forbidding women to enter saloons, the mayor of Cascade granted her an exemption. She remained famous, even becoming the mascot for the town’s baseball team.

Mary Fields died on 5 December 1914, at Columbus Hospital in Great Falls. After her death, the townspeople raised money to have her buried in a cemetery on a road she drove frequently that linked Cascade to the mission. Mary’s funeral was said to be one of the largest in town.

Find A Grave: Memorial #8742943 Mary Fields

Films:

In the documentary South by Northwest, "Homesteaders" (1976), Fields is played by Esther Rolle.

In the TV movie The Cherokee Kid (1996), Fields is played by Dawnn Lewis.

In the TV movie Hannah's Law (2012), she is played by Kimberly Elise.

In the short Western, They Die By Dawn (2013), Fields is played by Erykah Badu.

Print:

In 1959, actor and Montana native Gary Cooper wrote an article for EBONY in which he wrote, "Born a slave somewhere in Tennessee, Mary lived to become one of the freest souls ever to draw a breath, or a .38."

"Stagecoach" Mary Fields, a screenplay by Georgianne Landy-Kordis

A biography for children, Fearless Mary: The True Adventures of Mary Fields, American Stagecoach Driver by Tami Charles

Music:

Fields is the subject of Michael Hearst's song "Stagecoach Mary", as part of his 2015 Extraordinary People project.

Television:

In the TV AMC series, "Hell On Wheels" (2011–2016), Fields is played by Amber Chardae Robinson, featured in five episodes during 2015–2016, season five.

Places:

Asteroid 7091 Maryfields, discovered by Kenneth Lawrence and Eleanor Helin at Palomar in 1992, was named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 8 November 2019 (M.P.C. 118218)

Sources

  1. ↑ The First Chapter of Norwegian immigration (1821-1840): its causes and results by Anderson, Rasmus Björn, 1846-1936, Published 1906, Topics Norwegian Americans - History, Norway
  2. ↑ gilderlehrman.org Excerpts: Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History.
  3. ↑ NAHA Norwegian-American Studies, Vol. 29, p. 53.
  4. ↑ NAHA Emigration from the Community of Tinn, 1837-1907: Demographic, Economic, and Social Background by Andres A. Svalestuen translated by C. A. Clausen (Volume 29: Page 43).
  5. ↑ Spring Government Heritage Center Norway to America Historical Timeline.
  6. ↑ Norwegian Immigrants Die at Beaver Creek.
  7. ↑ Saunders website The Beaver Creek Tragedy: the missing orphans of Osten & Aase Sondreson by C. Robert Saunders
  8. ↑ NPS.gov Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail: The 1847 Trek
  9. ↑ Wikipedia This is the Place Monument
  10. ↑ "Half-Hanged Mary" is the title of a poem by Canadian author Margaret Atwood. Atwood believed Mary was her ancestor and dedicated her novel The Handmaid's Tale to her. See also the first few paragraphs of Margaret Atwood, The Prophet of Dystopia.
  11. ↑ MEMORABLE PROVIDENCES, Relating to WITCHCRAFTS And POSSESSIONS Pdf Author; Cotton Mather, Minister of the Gospel. Printed at Boston in N. England by R. P. 1689. Sold by Ioseph Brunning, at his Shop at the Corner of the Prison-Lane next the Exchange. Death of Phillip Smith.
  12. ↑ Topographical dictionary of 2885 English emigrants to New England, 1620-1650 Authors; Banks, Charles Edward, 1854-1931 and Brownell, Elijah Ellsworth, 1872. Publisher; The Bertram press, Philadelphia, Pa 1937. Thomas Reeves per Bevis 1638. Page 180.
  13. ↑ The first century of the history of Springfield Author: Springfield (Mass.); Burt, Henry M. (Henry Martyn), 1831-1899, ed; Pynchon, William, 1590-1662.Publisher: Springfield, Mass., H.M. Burt 1898. Page 631.
  14. ↑ Massachusetts, Marriages, 1695-1910 FamilySearch index, Wm. Webster and Mary Rivers, 17 Feb 1670; citing Hatfield, Hadley, Massachusetts, reference; p 74; FHL microfilm 186152.
  15. ↑ Witch-Hunting in Seventeenth-Century New England: A Documentary History 1638 edited by David D. Hall pg.260-264
  16. ↑ History of Hadley Author: Judd, Sylvester, 1789-1860; Boltwood, Lucius M. (Lucius Manlius), 1825-1905. Publisher: Springfield, Mass. : H.R. Huntting & Company 1905. Pages 288 to 231.
  17. ↑ Judd, S. 1905. History of Hadley. H. R. Hunting, Springfield. per source 6
  18. ↑ Annals of witchcraft in New England : and elsewhere in the United States, from their first settlement. Drawn up from unpublished and other well authenticated records of the alleged operations of witches and their instigator, the devil Author: Drake, Samuel Gardner, 1798-1875; Making of America Project. Publisher: Boston, W. E. Woodward 1869. pages 168 to 180. Warning Page 170 contains course profanity.
  19. ↑ Records of the Court of assistants of the colony of the Massachusetts bay, 1630-1692 Vol 2 Authors: Massachusetts. Court of Assistants; Noble, John, 1829-1909, ed; Cronin, John F., 1872- ed. Publisher: Boston, Pub. by the county of Suffolk 1901. Pages 229 & 230.
  20. ↑ Judd, S. 1905. History of Hadley. H. R. Hunting, Springfield
  21. ↑ The history of the province of Massachusets-Bay Author: Hutchinson, Thomas, 1711-1780. Publisher: Boston ; New-England : Printed by Thomas & John Fleet at the Heart and crown in Cornhill 1828. Page 18.
  22. ↑ The Magnalia Christi Americana (Book VI, Chapter VII - 1702) Mather, Cotten. Reprinted 1967 by Russell & Russell, New York.
  23. ↑ Find A Grave Memorial.
  24. ↑ Wikipedia:Stagecoach Mary.
  25. ↑ Waxahachiejournal Feature: Stagecoach Mary Fields.
  26. ↑ Shirley, Gayle C. (2011) More Than Petticoats: Remarkable Montana Women, 2nd Ed. Globe Pequot Press: Guilford, Conn. p.5 ISBN 978-0-7627-6692-5
  27. ↑ Alter, Judy (1999). Extraordinary Women of the American West. Children's Press, pp. 55-57
  28. ↑ Wikitree:Stagecoach Mary.
  29. ↑ The Life and Legend of Mary Fields.
  30. ↑ History.org Mary Fields, Pioneer in Montana.
  31. ↑ Drewry, Jennifer M. (March–April) Mary Fields a pioneer in Cascade’s past.
  32. ↑ Mary Fields, Female Pioneer of Montana.
  33. ↑ Encyvlopedia of the Great Plains.
  34. ↑ Postal Museum.
  35. ↑ Legends of America, Mary Fields.
  36. ↑ Examiner: Mary "White Crow" Fields.
  37. ↑ Montana, Death Index, 1860-2007 Mary Fields, 05 Dec 1914; citing "Montana Death Index, 1907-2007,"
  38. ↑ Cascade Courier, December 14, 1914. Copy in Fields, Mary, Vertical File, Montana Historical Society Research Center. Montana Histotical Society.
  39. ↑ Find A Grave.
  40. ↑ Cooper, Gary and Marc Crawford (October 1959) "Stagecoach Mary". EBONY Magazine.

See also:

Occupation: Freighter, cook, domestic worker, star route mail carrier

  • Blakemore, Erin. “Meet Stagecoach Mary, the Daring Black Pioneer Who Protected Wild West Stagecoaches.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 14 September 2017, (history.com/news/meet-stagecoach-mary-the-daring-black-pioneer-who-protected-wild-west-stagecoaches).
  • Cowen, Nadia. “`Stagecoach' Mary Fields (1832-1914).” Chicagotribune.com, 26 August 2018, (chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2004-03-03-0403030068-story.html).
  • “Finding Mary Fields: Race, Gender, and the Construction of Memory.” Portraits of Women in the American West, by Dee Garceau-Hagen, Taylor and Francis, 2013, pp. 121–148.
  • Hardaway, Rodger D. “AFRICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER.” Negro History Bulletin, vol. 60, no. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 11–12., jstor.org/stable/24766796.
  • "Mary Fields." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 Feb. 2018. academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Mary-Fields/630727. Accessed 18 February 2020.
  • Pickett, Mary. “'Stagecoach Mary' Cuts Colorful Swath.” The Billings Gazette, 8 February 2009 (billingsgazette.com/news/features/magazine/stagecoach-mary-cuts-colorful-swath/article_c3a25388-8991-5cf4-a505-01374274e6ad.html).
  • Reindl, JC. “'Stagecoach Mary' Broke Barriers of Race, Gender.” Toledo Blade, 8 February 2010 (toledoblade.com/local/2010/02/08/Stagecoach-Mary-broke-barriers-of-race-gender.html).
  • Shiloh, Tamara. "Rough and Tough, Stagecoach Mary Got the Mail Delivered in Rugged Montana." Oakland Post, Oct, 2019, pp. 2. ProQuest, search.proquest.com/docview/2313024407?accountid=46638.
  • “Star route.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, merriam-webster.com/dictionary/star%20route. Accessed 18 February 2020.




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